Hi. I'm a high school sophomore and I was wondering if most INTPs are good at math. Personally I am horrible at it and just manage to barely pass. It's interesting because I have an A in every other class and their all Honors classes. I feel like I'm being fed a formula and told to just plug things in. I'm not told why it works or how it works.
Also because of this do you think it is still a good idea for me to aspire to be an engineer? I hate math, but I love solving problems and figuring out how things work. I love history and would much rather major in that, but I cannot be a teacher and my parents refuse to pay for any degree that is not "productive."
To answer your question:
I think it is a myth that "most INTP's are good at math". As someone mentioned before, I think NT-types like to get stuck into problems, hence math could be a possible area that we would thrive in. But there are many other areas where one can apply problem solving. The thing is though, and what you have described, is that we like to understand basic structures so that we can apply it to a greater understanding. We look at a landscape or a painting, or a streetscape, and not only take in what is there, but
why and how. How was the landscape formed,
how was the painting built up,
how did that streetscape evolve to its present state of mingled architecture and road structure? And then, finally,
why?
Now present a math formula. How would an INTP react to that?

We want to apply the same process of understanding as described above. The worst thing for me at school was being served a formula, and be told not to worry about how that formula was created. Of course, I would get more hung up in the mystery of the formula and spend hours trying to understand it. Always a distraction.
If you really like problem solving, and honestly think you can be satisfied with an engineering degree, then I think it would be wise to get someone to help you with exactly those areas of the maths that you struggle with. You need a different perspective. Are there any senior students who offer math tuition? It may perhaps be a question of only a couple of hours before the proverbial penny drops.
/tangent alert:
I think it is a little sad that parents push their children into what they regard as "safe". It is very old-school, and quite selfish. Their justification is that they have your best interest at heart. And that may be true but only to the extent that this is merely another desperate attempt of controlling you. And thereby protecting themselves from society's possible accusations of "bad parenting". Their consciousness is cleared. Sounds harsh, I know. I think it is essential to pursue what you think is right for you. If you apply yourself to what you truly believe in, you will always do well. And I'm not speking of materialistic success. You can always manage, if you are content with what you are doing. One has to be creative about earning a living these days. A challenge an INTP could easily master, provided hir could get past the procrastination hurdles. I think society breeds the necessary cogs in the machine, but what happened to all the independent thinkers? It is not encouraged because there is no monetary value in fields of history, philosophy, art or linguistics. They are a dying breed. When we finally wake up to what kind of hollow society this has resulted in, we may understand why the world has become the wasteland it is. There is no soul, only structures.
/rant
If you love history, would you perhaps be able to do that as a minor? I don't know how flexible your degree program is, and I don't understans the US educational structure, but perhaps it would help to speak to a subject advisor, or coordinator. You sound like a very talented student, I am sure your high school officials would be very likely to give you the support you need. Talking to people is often a better way to find a solution, rather than sinking into the sometimes entrapment-like limits of one's own perspective.